Surrogacy Clinics in India — a New Twist on Outsourcing
By Brian Cole
Published on February 01, 2008
A growing number of infertile couples from the U.S.,
Britain, and other Western counties are finding that the path to parenthood leads
them to Asia. These couples are not seeking to adopt, however. In a
controversial combination of biology and international commerce, Indian women
are acting as surrogates - carrying the biological babies of foreign couples -
at cut-rate prices.
Surrogacy utilizes in-vitro fertilization. Through this
treatment, couples who are unable to conceive, but are able to donate egg and
sperm samples, can have a child with their genetic traits. In a practice known
sometimes as "rent-a-womb," "outsourced pregnancy," and
even "baby farming," the surrogate gives birth to a child to which she
has no biological connection.
In a twist on the recent trend of outsourcing work to India,
clinics are connecting couples with Indian surrogates at a fraction of the cost
of domestic surrogacy services. When compared to the typical $80,000 cost of
surrogacy in the U.S., for
example, the less-than-$10,000 fee typically paid for surrogacy services in India is
nominal.
The Epicenter of International Commercial Surrogacy
Dr. Nayna Patel has turned Anand, which has traditionally
been the milk capital of India, into the world center of international
commercial surrogacy. In India, surrogacy is now a $445-million-a-year business,
and growing.
Couples from around the world are now traveling to India, where,
with the help of intermediaries like Dr. Patel, ready and willing surrogates
await. By acting as a surrogate, an Indian woman can expect to earn roughly
ten-to-fifteen times her family's annual income.
The Women of Ananda
With a small clinic in Kaival Hospital
in Ananda, Dr. Patel not only matches infertile couples with local women, but
provides all other services related to the surrogacy as well.
Each couple typically makes two trips to India during the
process; once for the in-vitro fertilization and another for the actual birth.
The surrogates Dr. Patel works with live together in a house
rented by the clinic. Here, women are cared for by a former surrogate, receive
visits from family and friends, and obtain what is reportedly excellent
prenatal care. They also receive counseling after the birth to address the
potential trauma of handing over the baby to the parents.
Parent and Surrogate Requirements
Indeed, the complex psychological factors that surround
carrying - and connecting to - a child pose a real danger when it comes to
surrogacy, even though the child has no genetic relationship with the surrogate.
To help minimize the psychological impact of parting with the baby that had
been growing in her womb, each surrogate at Dr. Patel's clinic must have
children of her own to go home to.
In an attempt to protect the interests of all parties
involved, a contract is signed by both the surrogate and the parents. This
contract states that the couple will cover all medical expenses in addition to
the surrogate's payment, and the baby will be handed over to the parents after
birth.
Criticisms of International Surrogacy
While Dr. Patel sees this practice as a win-win scenario,
others view it is as an exploitation of women through global inequalities. Such
critics contend that it should be the focus of the worldwide community to
foster equality and increased education for woman in developing countries, not to
create a surrogacy industry that exposes woman to the risks of pregnancy for
financial gain.
Dr. Patel contends that, because surrogacy allows infertile
couples to have a child, and surrogates are provided with enormous financial rewards,
her practice is performing a vital service to all involved. Indeed, bringing
the joy of parenthood to an infertile couple is a strong, if often secondary, motivation
for many Indian women who choose to act as surrogates.
Banned
With France,
Germany, Italy, Canada,
and a number of U.S.
states banning commercial surrogacy within their borders, the practice has its
share of detractors. "The human body is not lent out, is not rented out, is not
sold," France's highest court held when it outlawed commercial surrogacy in the
early nineties.
"It comes down to questions of voluntariness and
risk," said Dr. John Lantos of the Center for Practical Bioethics in
Kansas City, Missouri. For Dr. Lantos and others, the financial gains offered
by commercial surrogacy, along with the poverty of rural India, lure
many women to put their health at risk.
Safety for the Surrogate and Child
With the sparsity of adequate health care in India,
especially in rural areas, Indian women tend to be at higher risk of
complications during pregnancy than those in more developed countries. When it
comes to commercial surrogates, however, this does not seem to be the case.
Many supporters of commercial surrogacy point to the quality
of care provided at Dr. Patel's clinic and similar facilities as evidence that surrogates
are putting their health less at risk than the average pregnant woman in India.
In fact, most of these clinics are able to provide - with help from an influx
of Western currency - top-notch care.
Lingering Questions
While the benefits of surrogacy may be evident, questions
still remain.
Stories of surrogacy in the Unites States
and other Western countries are not typically framed in the context of the poorest
of citizens acting as surrogates out of financial desperation. Often, a family
member or friend offers to be a surrogate for a couple in response to their not
being able to conceive. It is hard to imagine these couples going to clinics in
poor rural areas, or on the streets of inner cities, in search of a surrogate.
This is where the ethical line starts to blur. Are couples
who use an Indian surrogate to have a child living out their dreams and helping a poor Indian family? Or are
those seeking surrogacy in India taking part in something that they would
consider immoral if it were happening just down the road? There are no easy
answers to these questions, of course. However, for many couples, the joy of
finally having a child of their own makes these questions purely academic.
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